Ozone

Ozone was discovered and named by Schonbein in l839. It is formed when an electric spark or ultra-violet (UV) light splits an oxygen molecule into two highly reactive oxygen atoms. Each of these combines with intact oxygen to form the tri-atomic ozone, O3. Ozone is one of the most powerful natural oxidizing agents known because of the highly reactive free radicals it generates on decomposition. These free radicals can destroy many natural biological substances . The discovery of inert plastics made ozones medical applications possible. In the late 1930's, German doctors began to use it in experiments on patients who had a variety of infections and wounds . Ozone gas might be bubbled directly into the patients blood, it might be bubbled into blood taken from the patient after which the blood would be re-infused, it might be bubbled into a solution to be used in an enema, colonic irrigation, or douche, or it might be pumped directly into the rectum. Except for situations in which ozone was used topically, the determination of effectiveness was depicted by patient testimonials.

When ozone is introduced into blood, it reacts with water in red cells producing hydrogen peroxide. This aqueous decomposition of ozone also produces bactericidal and membrane-damaging free radicals . Ozone used for treatment is prepared by creating an electric spark in a chamber of pure oxygen. The final mixture contains between 0.l and 5.0% ozone, concentrations that are equivalent to from l.0 ppm to 50 ppm ozone in pure oxygen.

Ozone generated this way has a half life of 45 minutes at room temperature, and under ideal conditions of sterility, dryness, and cleanliness, it must be prepared on site each time it is used.

A two-hour exposure to 1200 ppm ozone is needed to kill microorganisms on open surfaces and in water . Concentrations of ozone recommended are: for topical treatment of superficial wounds, 70 to 100 ppm; for slow-healing ulcers, between 40 and 70 ppm; and when oxygenating effects are needed to treat diseases associated with hypoxia, from l to 40 ppm .

Ozone has been proposed as a treatment for AIDS .

"Results of experiments indicate that medical ozone has the ability to inactivate extra-cellular HIV-l in serum-supplemented tissue culture fluids and to inhibit the growth of HIV-l at concentrations that are benign to cells in tissue culture." However, HIV is susceptible to inactivation by many relatively innocuous compounds, and claims for benefiting AIDS patients are unconfirmed .

In 1993 testimony before Senator Harkin's Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, Ed McCabe, a promoter of ozone, stated, "644 German ozone therapists successfully treated 384,775 patients with 5,579,238 doses of ozone with no ill effects.

Thousands of published medical papers contain proof of ozones effectiveness in vivo. Numerous US physicians have converted hundreds of AIDS patients from HIV sero-positive to HIV sero-negative status using ozone. Help is available to AIDS patients right now but the medical establishment is ignoring it." No evidence for the claims exist in reliable scientific literature.

Is ozone effective against HIV?

In 1991, Wells et al reported that gaseous ozone inactivated cell-free HIV-l in cell-free culture medium. Using escalating concentrations of ozone, they showed that a l200 ppm dose delivered into the solution for two hours, reduced the number of infectious viruses by about l011 and reduced detectable virions about 85%.

However, there was also a significant reduction in infectivity after virus exposure to nitrogen. Other factors influencing the rate and degree of inactivation of HIV-I by ozone were protein and plasma components in the culture medium. (HIV is known to be inactivated by a host of relatively inactive substances.) While ozone might be useful in rendering commercial blood products free of infectious organisms, more extensive analyses of the HIV-I life cycle was needed before ozone's usefulness as an in vivo anti-retroviral agent could be defined. Poiesz, Wells' co-author, wrote, " No further in vitro work has been done and to my knowledge no in vivo work has been done."

Carpendale and Freeberg studied the effect of 4 ppm ozone on HIV-l suspensions in vitro. Ozone was rapidly degraded by serum components in the culture medium. They theorized that the virus inactivation must have been caused by unknown ozone reaction products.

Reaction products of ozone and fatty acids called ozonides have been studied, and some are known to mimic the cellular effects of ozone . But Carpendale et al did not report on the effects of ozonides on HIV in suspension.

Ozone has been used to treat infections for nearly 50 years.

For the most part the treatments were based on impressions from uncontrolled anecdotal clinical experiences reported in German newspapers, magazines, and proponent newsletters. With the coming of the AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, some physicians offered ozone treatment. Organizations began promoting the medical use of ozone at international meetings. The majority of the papers presented at these meetings referred to the germicidal activity of high concentrations of ozone in vitro, but no convincing evidence was presented that autohemotherapy with ozone at concentrations ranging from 0.l to 5.0 ppm had an effect against HIV in AIDS patients.

In 1991, Garber et al carried out the first well controlled clinical study of auto-hemotherapy for AIDS. These investigators first tested for safety in a Phase I trial and found no toxicity after 12 weeks of treatment. In the Phase II trial which followed, AIDS patients were entered into a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded program designed to compare the effects of unprocessed or ozone-enriched blood infused intermittently over a period of 8 weeks. All patients had CD-4 T-cell counts between 200-400 cells/ul.

In May 1995, the 12th World Congress of the International Ozone Association convened in Lille, France. Of the 42 papers presented, none addressed the effectiveness of autohemotherapy in the treatment of AIDS . In August, 1995, Prof. V. Bocci, one of the organizers of that meeting, wrote:

My positon is based on theoretical grounds that ozone autohemotherapy may be useful only because there is no valid alternative. From a practical point of view I have great difficulty organizing clinical trials. I have frequently expressed my deep concern over the irresponsible, uncontrolled, and unscrupulous information that is being spread around. You must understand that I am not responsible for what is being done or said by people in the U.S.

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Marketing Ozone Generators

Kenneth R. Thiefault and his wife, Mardel Barber, formerly of Jupiter, Florida, were sentenced in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida in March to prison terms that together total more than eight years and fines that add up to more than $100,000. They illegally distributed ozone generators, devices that turn oxygen into ozone, by claiming that the devices could cure a variety of diseases, including cancer and AIDS.

FDA has never approved ozone generators or ozone gas for treating any medical conditions. .

Proponents of medical ozone generators believe ozone can kill viruses and bacteria in the body. While ozone is used as a germicide in the cleaning of manufacturing equipment, FDA is not aware of any scientific data that supports the safety or effectiveness of ozone generators for treating medical conditions. In fact, the agency believes that at the levels needed to work effectively as a germicide, ozone could be detrimental to human health.

FDA's knowledge of Thiefault's involvement in ozone generators dates to at least 1990, when Thiefault was interviewed during an FDA criminal investigation of one of Thiefault's associates. This associate was later prosecuted and imprisoned for, among other things, manufacturing and selling ozone generators for treating medical conditions. After release from prison, he returned to making and distributing ozone generators for treating medical conditions but fled the country before he could be prosecuted again.

In April 1990 and January 1991, Thiefault acknowledged in an FDA-obtained written affidavit that medical ozone generators needed to be approved by FDA before they could be marketed. He also- wrote that his interest in ozone generators was limited to ozone's "antiviral and antibacterial capabilities in relationship to water for dairy cows, swimming pools and spas."

Since 1988, Thiefault had been buying components and making ozone generators, selling them for about $4,800 each to customers across the country.

Each ozone generator, contained in a silver metal case, included a medical grade humidifier and a medical-grade oxygen cylinder with a label that said the cylinder had been converted from medical to industrial grade.

Thiefault did not have any bank, credit or charge accounts. Instead he funneled proceeds from the ozone generators estimated to be $1 million-through his wife and other individuals' financial accounts. Thiefault and his wife touted ozone as a treatment for many diseases, ranging from AIDS and cancer to herpes, hepatitis and gangrene. In the videotape, Thiefault says, "Ozone will cure almost any disease."

Product literature recommended several ways to administer the ozone: by catheter into the rectum, vagina or ear; by breathing in through the nose or mouth; or by absorption through the skin, accomplished by standing naked in a body bag into which ozone is blown.

As he, did with the ozone generators, Thiefault touted K Z Enzyme and Kanzyme as cures for many diseases. According to promotional literature and Thiefault, the products were plant extracts. FDA laboratory analysis showed that each product contained about 10% dissolved substances, such as sugars, amino acids, acetic acid, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate.

Kanzyme II was colloidal silver, also an unapproved drug. Thiefault promoted and sold it as an accompaniment to ozone therapy for treating cancer. Product literature claimed the product replaced the body's store of silver, a substance lacking in cancer patients. However, FDA is not aware of any scientific studies that support this claim.

OCI's investigation, complemented by a multi-year IRS investigation, led in 1998 to a seven-count indictment against Thiefault and Barber. FDA-related charges focused on the couple's involvement with ozone generators and not the unapproved drugs because the devices appeared to be their main business thrust-and source of income, according to OCI.

Following a two-week trial, in November 1998, a federal jury found Thiefault and Barber guilty of mail fraud, wire fraud, and distribution of an ozone generator. They also were found guilty on one count of impeding the IRS.

For illegally selling ozone generators, Thiefault was sentenced to six and a half years in prison, fined $100,000, and ordered to pay $14,400 in restitution.

Some of the major components of the "metabolic" treatments (vitamin C, laetrile, DMSO, cellular treatment, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone) are also discussed in this chapter. The treatments are presented in alphabetical order according to the name of the main practitioner or the substance used.

Various types of oxidizing agents are discussed in the popular literature on unconventional cancer treatments and at meetings sponsored by advocacy and information groups such as the Cancer Control Society (162). Although not apparently widespread in the United States, the use of oxidizing agents has been reported at clinics in Mexico and West Germany where U.S. cancer patients are treated (289,588). The most commonly mentioned treatments of this type are ozone (a gas), hydrogen peroxide (a liquid), antioxidant enzymes, and related products (853). Oxidizing agents such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide are commonly available and have a variety of mainstream uses: as antiseptic, disinfectant, and cleansing agents, as laboratory chemical reagents, and in the food packaging industry. In addition to their use in unconventional cancer treatments, oxidizing agents are also proposed as components of unconventional treatments for AIDS, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and a variety of other conditions (96,297).

Ozone can be administered by direct infusion of the gaseous mixture into the rectum or into muscle, but it is usually given by unconventional practitioners in blood infusion, a process whereby blood is removed, treated with oxygen, and returned to the body, as explained in a recent review by an unconventional medicine advocate:

The ozone is produced by forcing oxygen through a metal tube carrying a 300-volt charge. A pint of blood is drawn from the patient and placed in an infusion bottle. The ozone is then forced into the bottle and mixed in by shaking gently, whereupon the blood turns bright cardinal red. As the ozone molecules dissolve into the blood they give up their third oxygen atom, releasing considerable energy which destroys all lipid-envelope virus, and apparently most other disease organisms as well, while leaving blood cells unharmed (297).

Medizone International, a company that manufactures a device used to deliver ozone by infusion in the blood system, has filed an investigational new drug application with FDA to study the possible use of ozone as an antiviral agent. Before phase I studies in humans can proceed under the IND, however, the company is required to submit data, probably involving tests in animals using a range of doses, showing that ozone can be administered safely. Little information in the published, peer-reviewed literature is available on the use of ozone in general in the treatment of cancer, or on the recommended doses and regimen for treatment. Claims for the efficacy of ozone are based on a number of papers and case reports of its use on cancer patients (926,929), in animal studies (52,586), and in cell culture (940). One paper by Sweet and colleagues, published in Science, presents indirect evidence that atmospheric ozone selectively inhibits the growth of human tumor cells in cell culture (in vitro) (846).

Hydrogen peroxide is given in dilute form by various routes -- oral, rectal, intravenous, vaginal, and in bathing. Proponents state that hydrogen peroxide oxidizes toxins, kills bacteria and viruses, and stimulates immunity (364). One unconventional practitioner, Kurt Donsbach, who treats cancer patients in Tijuana, formulated a line of products using hydrogen peroxide, including ear drops, nasal spray, and tooth gel. Donsbach states that every cancer patient at his clinic in Tijuana receives dilute "infusions of the 35% food grade hydrogen peroxide throughout their entire stay" (262). In 1988, the U.S. Postal Service issued Donsbach a cease and desist order to stop him from claiming that the hydrogen peroxide used orally or intravenously is effective against cancer or arthritis, or that it is fit for human consumption (69). Another clinic, the Gerson clinic in Tijuana, has recently added ozone therapy to their regimen, partly on the basis of the laboratory study by Sweet and colleagues referred to above (401). Patients at the Gerson clinic are commonly given ozone enemas, consisting of 500 to 1000 cc of ozone given rectally in less than one minute (318).

Oxidizing agents, such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide, can destroy cells, including those of the blood-forming organs, and at some doses, can be seriously damaging or even lethal (860).

The doses at which these agents can be administered safely have not yet been determined. Although advocates of ozone and hydrogen peroxide maintain that these substances can be used safely, other unconventional practitioners have noted possible adverse effects (98).

The Board issued an Order of Summary Suspension, in which it found that in October 1999, E.H. began seeing Johnson. The Order recited that Johnson diagnosed her as having polysystemic candidiasis; that Johnson told her that he could cure the illness using intravenous hydrogen peroxide treatments; that Johnson injected high doses of vitamin C into inappropriate injection sites that resulted in a large abscess that had to be surgically removed; that Johnson accepted barter payments from E.H.; and that Johnson advertised hydrogen peroxide therapy and ozone treatments on his internet web site. The Order of Summary Suspension concluded that, "as a result of the medical treatment received by from , the patient was misdiagnosed, treated outside the standard of care, and suffered injury as a result." The Order of Summary Suspension also stated:

Dr. Roth also testified about the ozone treatment that Johnson advertised and recommended to E.H. but which E.H. declined. Dr.

Roth testified that it is not legal to sell ozone generators in the United States, that ozone is a poisonous gas, and that he had not found "anyplace where the use of ozone therapy is efficacious in the treatment for any disease process, via inhalation or injection route of any form."

In its written Order revoking Johnson's medical license, the Board found that Johnson diagnosed E.H. as having polysystemic candidiasis; that Johnson recommended that he treat her illness with intravenous hydrogen peroxide treatments and also recommended ozone treatments; that Johnson administered vitamin C injections into E.H's hip and buttock area in inappropriate injection sites; that there was "no medical substantiation of the diagnosis reached by "; that Johnson "violated the standard of care in the community through his use of hydrogen peroxide treatments for the treatment of candidiasis"; and also that "the patient suffered an injury as a result of said treatment." The Board concluded that Johnson engaged in unethical and unprofessional conduct as contemplated in section 63-6-214(b)(1) of the Tennessee Code Annotated, and that his treatment of E.H. "constituted gross malpractice, a pattern of continued or repeated malpractice, and incompetence and ignorance in the course of medical practice pursuant to T.C.A. § 63-6-214(b)(4)." The Board, for the welfare and benefit of the citizens of Tennessee, ordered that Johnson's license be revoked, and that he be assessed $11,000 in civil penalties.

In this case, the chancery court found that the Board's decision to revoke Johnson's medical license was prompted by a desire to prevent him from practicing "alternative medicine." In the proceedings before the Board, however, there was ample evidence that, regardless of whether it is considered "alternative medicine," Johnson's treatment of E.H. went well beyond unorthodox, that it was below the standard of care, and was in fact dangerous. The Board heard expert testimony that the treatment methods recommended and utilized, indeed advertised by Johnson, were not simply ineffective to treat E.H.'s maladies, but could have resulted in more serious consequences, even her death. The evidence showed that Johnson recommended ozone treatment, a poison, administered hydrogen peroxide intravenously, a dangerous treatment, injected vitamin C near E.H.'s rectum, resulting in a potentially life-threatening abscess, and then treated the abscess with a charcoal poultice mixed in a coffee can. For this Johnson charged E.H. in excess of $4,500, and nevertheless maintained in his testimony before the Board that his treatment of E.H. was within the standard of care in the Nashville medical community. Based on this record, the Board's decision was not arbitrary or capricious, was not an abuse of discretion, and was clearly supported by substantial and material, indeed compelling, evidence. Consequently, we must reverse the decision of the chancery court, and uphold the Board's decision to revoke Johnson's medical license. The chancery court's decision upholding the civil penalties assessed against Johnson was not appealed, and is therefore affirmed.

Several proponent Web sites state that in 1992, the board had pressured Pittman to stop treating AIDS patients with ozone. He subsequently practiced in Haiti until passage of an Alternative Medical Practices Act

encouraged him to open the Carolina Center for Alternative and Nutritional Medicine in Raleigh in 1994, where he offered "supplemental nutrition therapy," intravenous ozone and hydrogen peroxide, EDTA chelation therapy, lymphatic massage, and colon hydrotherapy and "detoxification." In 1998 and 1999, his treatment typically cost about $3,800 for the first week and $1,600 for each additional week. During this period, patients were asked to sign a "Request for Admission" form which stated that "the Carolina Center has a goal of collecting laboratory and clinical data for research purposes." However, I am not aware of any research report that Pittman has published.

In an article posted to the Internet in 1998, Pittman claimed that "chronic oxygen deprivation" is a major cause of disease and that "bio-oxidative therapy" with ozone or hydrogen peroxide can "(1) increase metabolic efficiency of all cells; (2) stimulate cellular immunity (protects against infections) and suppress humoral immunity (allergic reactions); (3) regulate cytokines which control the action of all immune system cells; (4) regulate hormone production; (5) increase energy production; (6) exert a direct killing effect of bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and cancer cells; and (7) stimulate the production of more natural antioxidant enzymes." However, these notions are unsubstantiated and lack a scientifically plausible rationale.

Whereas after attempting other forms of treatment, Dr. Pittman decided to treat the above conditions with ozone and a diluted form of hydrogen peroxide, administered intravenously (IV), and

Whereas by instituting IV ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatment on a patient who indicated on her initial intake form she was a member of Jehovah's Witnesses without being more attentive to her hemoglobin and hematocrit, the possibility that she might require a blood transfusion but might refuse it, and documentation of these matters, Dr. Pittman departed from, or failed conform to, the standards of acceptable and prevailing medical practice, within the meaning of 90-14(a) (6) which is grounds under that section of the North Carolina General Statutes for the board to annul, suspend, revoke, condition, or limit Dr. Pittman's license to practice medicine and surgery issued by the Board, and

2. Dr. Pittman will not use IV ozone or hydrogen peroxide therapy in his practice until the Board explicitly orders otherwise.

Each day I zapped from 9-11:00 a.m. and from 1:00 or 2:00 until 4:00 p.m. At 11:00 and 4:00 each day I was scheduled for an ozone treatment. For the ozone treatments, I sat in . . . an old-fashioned white sweat box with my head sticking out a hole at the top. The compartment got very steamy inside. Inside the compartment was a hose with a funnel-shaped cone connected to it. The hose was connected to an ozone-producing machine. I was told to direct the cone at my liver for half the session and my thyroid the other half of the session. I was told that toxins would be excreted through my open pores as the temperature inside the compartment heated and my body began to perspire. Each session lasted about 30 minutes. Following each session, I was given a glass of ozone water to drink while ozone was directed into my ears (via a tube connected to what looked like a stethoscope). The hose was connected to an ozone-producing machine. . . .

86. Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, "TEC Evaluation: Ozone Therapy for Cancer," unpublished mimeograph, Chicago, IL, November 1987.

586. Mayer, R.A., "Ozone: A Chemotherapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Acute Monocytic Leukemia in Rats and Mammary Adenocarcinoma in Mice," typescript, undated.

846. Sweet, F., Kao, M.-S., Lee, S.-C.D., et al., "Ozone Selectively Inhibits Growth of Human Cancer Cells," Science 209(4459):931-933, 1980.

926. Varro, J., "Ozone Application in Cancer Cases," typescript of presentation at the 6th World Congress on Ozone, Washington, DC, May 22-26, 1983.

929. Viebahn, R., "Twenty Five Years of Practicable Ozone Therapy," typescript, Hansler, West Germany, undated.

In May 2004, Hinkson pleaded guilty to two of the product-violation charges and a jury found him guilty on 26 counts of failing to file income tax returns, failing to collect federal taxes, and structuring transactions to avoid reporting requirements . In his plea, Hinkson admitted not labeling his lithium water a drug, as required by law, as well as operating a facility not licensed to manufacture drugs. WaterOz also sold ozone generators and body suits which the company claimed had health benefits. In his plea, Hinkson admitted that the generators were not labeled as medical devices, and that he had not applied for approval to market them as such. Testimony at this trial also indicated that Hinkson did not file tax returns and routinely paid his employees in silver dollars or other cash, without withholding federal taxes. Other testimony indicated that the company regularly obtained its payroll cash in multiple withdrawals, keeping each withdrawal under the $10,000 limit that triggers federal reporting requirements.

Archived versions of the WaterOz Web site show the extraordinary extent to which Hinkson violated federal law. Before his prosecution took place, the site contained For about two years between 2000 and 2002, versions of the site contained "recommended protocols" for using 22 mineral products to treat about 70 or 100 "specific health issues" including AIDS, appendicitis, cancers, Down's syndrome, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and parasites. The site also offered an ozone generator and "ozone body suit" with claims such as:

The medical benefits of using an ozone suits with the ozone generator have been seen in cases of simple muscle fatigue to severs infections such as limb threatening gangrene. Sitting in the body suit (with or without clothing, it is a personal choice) cleans the skin, helps remove odor, oxygenates the skin, helps increase circulation and helps remove viruses from the body and attacks cancer cells.

27. Upon arrival at the Edelson Center, Defendants began administering the detoxification, chelation, ozone and nutritional therapies they recommended. These treatments involved daily injections (sometimes multiple injections per day) of chelating agents, ozonated blood, and liquid nutrients.

28. Contrary to the representations made by Defendants in their promotional materials, these therapies subjected the boy to substantial risks. Ozone treatments can result in embollic phenomena, or dangerous air or clots in the blood stream. Any I.V. treatment can result in sepsis (blood poisoning). Chelation therapy can result in renal failure and blood dyscrasias. By undergoing these therapies, The boy was subjected to risks of death and disablement.

29. The boy began to undergo the detoxification, ozone, chelation and I.V. vitamin treatment recommended by Defendants. The treatments were administered by unsupervised workers that, on information and belief, did not have formal nursing training or professional licenses of any kind.

He had adverse physical and behavioral reactions to the ozone and sauna detoxification therapy. The nutritional supplement regimen prescribed by Defendants required the boy to ingest approximately seventy pills and capsules per day. He frequently would vomit after having to ingest large quantities of supplements, yet Edelson refused to alter the supplement regimen when requested by the Parents. The treatment caused the boy to suffer significant emotional distress and physical pain, and subjected the Parents to considerable stress and anxiety as their son suffered under Defendants' care.

43. Further, even if environmental or chemical agents had been proven to be a factor in causing autism, Defendants knew or should have known that there is no reliable medical or scientific evidence supporting the idea that autism could be cured or reversed using chelation, ozone, detoxification or nutritional supplement programs.

The boy also had adverse physical and behavioral reactions to the ozone and sauna detoxification therapy.

The ozone generators that Edelson used to administer ozone treatments lacked FDA approval and were imported illegally. In September 2004, federal officials raided Edelson's and seized two such devices .

Ozone devices promoted as cure for autism. FDA Office of Criminal Investigations Fiscal Year 2005 report.

Young says: "So diffusing puts the oils into the atmosphere in your home. You're getting increased oxygen because it releases the oxygenating molecules, you're getting increased ozone and negative ions because that's where it comes from in nature, from the plant oils. You're getting antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, germicidal properties and the immuno-stimulating"

Reality: If only this were true! But as described above, essential oils are not oxygenating, and they do not supply ozone or negative ions. And while some preliminary research indicates that perhaps a few essential oils may have antibacterial properties, there is no data supporting their use in humans in any form to treat infectious disease. And there is no evidence that essential oils help the immune system. In fact the vast majority of people have normal immune systems that do not need stimulation. Some diseases are even caused by overactivity of parts of the immune system.

Dr. Cullen's Vegetable Remedy poster, Rare Book Div., Library of Con-gress; Judge pamphlet (Boston, 1878), in Ntl. Library of Med.; Oxydonor ad, Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, 43 (1897), 630; Ozone Era, and Family Physician (Chicago, 1885), in Chicago Hist. Soc.

Antineoplastons, 92, 219 dimethyl sulfoxide, 99 herbal treatments, 69, 75 hydrazine sulfate, 100 Immuno-Augmentative Therapy, 131, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 192 information dissemination, general, 154, 162, 163-164, 166, 167 insurance reimbursement, 186-192 (passim), 195 laetrile, 21, 22, 192, 201-202 Nieper, Hans, 112, 173 ozone infusion, 114

Antineoplastons, 95 biologically guided chemotherapy, 118 Essiac, 73, 74-75 Immuno-Augmentative Therapy, 133-136, 137, 139 laetrile, 103-104 ozone infusion, 114 vitamin C, 121 see also Animal research

In May 2005, Consumer Reports reported new finings that the Ionic Breeze Quadra S1737 SNX and four competing devices emitted excessive amounts of ozone that could cause respiratory difficulty when operated close to the user .

Barrett S. Alpine Industries ordered to stop unsubstantiated claims for ozone generators.

"Hyperoxygenation" therapy -- also called "bio-oxidative therapy" and "oxidative therapy" -- is based on the erroneous concept that cancer is caused by oxygen deficiency and can be cured by exposing cancer cells to more oxygen than they can tolerate. The most touted agents are hydrogen peroxide, germanium sesquioxide, and ozone. Although these compounds have been the subject of legitimate research, there is little or no evidence that they are effective for the treatment of any serious disease, and each has demonstrated potential for harm . Germanium products have caused irreversible kidney damage and death .